Postgres FM

Nik and Michael are joined by Regina Obe and Paul Ramsey to discuss PostGIS. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Regina Obe https://postgres.fm/people/regina-obe Paul Ramsey https://postgres.fm/people/paul-ramsey PostGIS https://postgis.net MobilityDB https://github.com/MobilityDB/MobilityDB pgRouting https://github.com/pgRouting/pgrouting Google BigQuery GIS public alpha blog post https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/data-analytics/whats-happening-bigquery-integrated-machine-learning-maps-and-more PostGIS Day 2025 talk recordings https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuNO_cW2g-0&list=PLavJpcg8cl1EkQWoCbczsOjFTe-SHg_8m pg_lake https://github.com/Snowflake-Labs/pg_lake GeoParquet https://geoparquet.org ST_DWithin https://postgis.net/docs/ST_DWithin.html Postgres JSONB Columns and TOAST: A Performance Guide https://www.snowflake.com/en/engineering-blog/postgres-jsonb-columns-and-toast FOSS4G https://foss4g.org OpenStreetMap https://www.openstreetmap.org PgDay Boston https://2026.pgdayboston.org SKILL.md file https://github.com/postgis/postgis/blob/68dde711039986b47eb62feda45bb24b13b0ea37/doc/SKILL.md Production query plans without production data (blog post by Radim Marek) https://boringsql.com/posts/portable-stats PostgreSQL: Up and Running, 4th Edition (by Regina Obe, Leo Hsu) https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/postgresql-up-and/9798341660885 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss query plan flips in Postgres — what they are, some causes, mitigations, longer term solutions, and the recent outage at Clerk. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Recent postmortem from Clerk https://clerk.com/blog/2026-02-19-system-outage-postmortem The real cost of random I/O (blog post by Tomas Vondra) https://vondra.me/posts/the-real-cost-of-random-io autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-vacuum.html#GUC-AUTOVACUUM-ANALYZE-SCALE-FACTOR default_statistics_target https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html#GUC-DEFAULT-STATISTICS-TARGET pg_hint_plan https://github.com/ossc-db/pg_hint_plan Aurora PostgreSQL query plan management https://docs.aws.amazon.comAmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/AuroraPostgreSQL.Optimize.Start.html pg_stat_plans https://github.com/pganalyze/pg_stat_plans pg_plan_alternatives https://jnidzwetzki.github.io/2026/03/04/pg-plan-alternatives.html Waiting for Postgres 19: Better Planner Hints with Path Generation Strategies https://pganalyze.com/blog/5mins-postgres-19-better-planner-hints ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss pg_ash — a new tool (not extension!) from Nik that samples and stores wait events from pg_stat_activity. Here are some links to things they mentioned: pg_ash https://github.com/NikolayS/pg_ash pg_wait_sampling https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling Amazon RDS performance insights https://aws.amazon.com/rds/performance-insights Our episode on wait events https://postgres.fm/episodes/wait-events pg-flight-recorder https://github.com/dventimisupabase/pg-flight-recorder pg_profile https://github.com/zubkov-andrei/pg_profile pg_cron https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss query level comments, object level comments, and another way of adding object level metadata. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Object comments https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-comment.html Query comment syntax (from an old version of the docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/7.0/syntax519.htm SQL Comments, Please! (Post by Markus Winand) https://modern-sql.com/caniuse/comments “While C-style block comments are passed to the server for processing and removal, SQL-standard comments are removed by psql.” https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-psql.html marginalia https://github.com/basecamp/marginalia track_activity_query_size https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-statistics.html#GUC-TRACK-ACTIVITY-QUERY-SIZE Custom Properties for Database Objects Using SECURITY LABELS (post by Andrei Lepikhov) https://www.pgedge.com/blog/custom-properties-for-postgresql-database-objects-without-core-patches ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael are joined by Lev Kokotov for an update on all things PgDog. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Lev Kokotov https://postgres.fm/people/lev-kokotov PgDog https://github.com/pgdogdev/pgdog Our first PgDog episode (March 2025) https://postgres.fm/episodes/pgdog Sharding pgvector (blog post by Lev) https://pgdog.dev/blog/sharding-pgvector Prepared statements and partitioned table lock explosion (series by Nik) https://postgres.ai/blog/20251028-postgres-marathon-2-009 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael are joined by Radim Marek from boringSQL to talk about RegreSQL, a regression testing tool for SQL queries they forked and improved recently. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Radim Marek https://postgres.fm/people/radim-marek boringSQL https://boringsql.com RegreSQL: Regression Testing for PostgreSQL Queries (blog post by Radim) https://boringsql.com/posts/regresql-testing-queries Discussion on Hacker News https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45924619 Radim’s fork of RegreSQL on GitHub https://github.com/boringSQL/regresql Original RegreSQL on GitHub (by Dimitri Fontaine) https://github.com/dimitri/regresql The Art of PostgreSQL (book) https://theartofpostgresql.com How to make the non-production Postgres planner behave like in production (how-to post by Nik) https://postgres.ai/docs/postgres-howtos/performance-optimization/query-tuning/how-to-imitate-production-planner Just because you’re getting an index scan, doesn't mean you can’t do better! (Blog post by Michael) https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/index-scan-doesnt-mean-its-fast boringSQL Labs https://labs.boringsql.com ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss the events and trends they thought were most important in the Postgres ecosystem in 2025. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Postgres 18 release notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/release-18.html Our episode on Postgres 18 https://postgres.fm/episodes/postgres-18 LWLock:LockManager benchmarks for Postgres 18 (blog post by Nik) https://postgres.ai/blog/20251009-postgres-marathon-2-005 PostgreSQL bug tied to zero-day attack on US Treasury https://www.theregister.com/2025/02/14/postgresql_bug_treasury PgDog episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/pgdog Multigres episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/multigres Neki announcement https://planetscale.com/blog/announcing-neki Our 100TB episode from 2024 https://postgres.fm/episodes/to-100tb-and-beyond PlanetScale for Postgres https://planetscale.com/blog/planetscale-for-postgres Oracle's MySQL job cuts https://www.theregister.com/2025/09/11/oracle_slammed_for_mysql_job Amazon Aurora DSQL is now generally available https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2025/05/amazon-aurora-dsql-generally-available Announcing Azure HorizonDB https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/adforpostgresql/announcing-azure-horizondb/4469710 Lessons from Replit and Tiger Data on Storage for Agentic Experimentation https://www.tigerdata.com/blog/lessons-replit-tiger-data-storage-agentic-experimentation Instant database clones with PostgreSQL 18 https://boringsql.com/posts/instant-database-clones turbopuffer episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/turbopuffer Crunchy joins Snowflake https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/crunchy-data-joins-snowflake Neon joins Databricks https://neon.com/blog/neon-and-databricks ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss a listener question about archiving a database. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Listener request to talk about archiving https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFRK8PiIvTg&lc=UgyiFrO37gEgUaVhRgN4AaABAg Our episode on “Is pg_dump a backup tool?” https://postgres.fm/episodes/is-pg_dump-a-backup-tool ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss max_connections, especially in the context of increasing it to solve problems like migrations intermittently failing(!) Here are some links to things they mentioned: max_connections https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-MAX-CONNECTIONS Tweet about deployments vs connections issue https://x.com/brankopetric00/status/1991394329886077090 Nik tweet in response https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1991465573684027443 Analyzing the Limits of Connection Scalability in Postgres (blog post by Andres Freund) https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2020/10/08/analyzing-connection-scalability/ Exponential Backoff And Jitter (blog post by Marc Brooker) https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/architecture/exponential-backoff-and-jitter/ ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss the various changes to EXPLAIN that arrived in Postgres 18. Here are some links to things they mentioned: EXPLAIN (official docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-explain.html Using EXPLAIN (official docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/using-explain.html EXPLAIN glossary (pgMustard site) https://www.pgmustard.com/docs/explain Postgres 18 release notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/release/18.0/ Enable BUFFERS with EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default (commit) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078eb Our (first) BUFFERS by default episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Show index search count in EXPLAIN ANALYZE (commit) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commitdiff;h=0fbceae841cb5a31b13d3f284ac8fdd19822eceb Our episode on Skip scan with Peter Geoghegan https://postgres.fm/episodes/skip-scan What do the new Index Searches lines in EXPLAIN mean? https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/what-do-index-searches-in-explain-mean pg_stat_plans presentation by Lukas Fittl https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26coQV3f-wk Improve EXPLAIN's display of window functions (commit) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=8b1b34254 Show Parallel Bitmap Heap Scan worker stats in EXPLAIN ANALYZE (commit) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=5a1e6df3b Add information about WAL buffers being full (commit) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=320545bfc ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik talks Michael through a recent benchmark he worked with Maxim Boguk on, to see how quickly they could provision a replica. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Ultra-fast replica creation with pgBackRest (blog post by Maxim Boguk and Nik) https://postgres.ai/blog/20251105-postgres-marathon-2-012-ultra-fast-replica-creation-pgbackrest Copying a database episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/copying-a-database Add snapshot backup support for PostgreSQL in wal-g (draft PR by Andrey Borodin) https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g/pull/2101 Multi-threaded pg_basebackup discussion 1: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAEHH7R4%3D_GN%2BLSsj0YZOXZ13yc%3DGk9umJOLNopjS%3DimK0c1mWA%40mail.gmail.com Multi-threaded pg_basebackup discussion 2: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/ io_method https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-IO-METHOD pgBackRest https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest Add sequence synchronization for logical replication (commit) https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=5509055d6956745532e65ab218e15b99d87d66ce Allow process priority to be set (pgBackRest feature added by David Steele) https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest/pull/2693 Hard limit on process-max (pgBackRest issue from 2019) https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest/issues/696 ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss the concept of gapless sequences — when you might want one, why sequences in Postgres can have gaps, and an idea or two if you do want them. And one quick clarification: changing the CACHE option in CREATE SEQUENCE can lead to even more gaps, the docs mention it explicitly. Here are some links to things they mentioned: CREATE SEQUENCE https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createsequence.html Sequence Manipulation Functions https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-sequence.html One, Two, Skip a Few (post by Pete Hamilton from Incident io) https://incident.io/blog/one-two-skip-a-few Postgres sequences can commit out-of-order (blog post by Anthony Accomazzo / Sequin) https://blog.sequinstream.com/postgres-sequences-can-commit-out-of-order Logical Replication of sequences (hackers thread) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAA4eK1LC%2BKJiAkSrpE_NwvNdidw9F2os7GERUeSxSKv71gXysQ%40mail.gmail.com Synchronization of sequences to subscriber (patch entry in commitfest) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/5111/ Get or Create (episode with Haki Benita) https://postgres.fm/episodes/get-or-create German tank problem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_tank_problem ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss lightweight locks in Postgres — how they differ to (heavier) locks, some occasions they can be troublesome, and some resources for working out what to do if you hit issues. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Wait Events of Type LWLock https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/monitoring-stats.html#WAIT-EVENT-LWLOCK-TABLE Our episode on (heavier) locks https://postgres.fm/episodes/locks Nik’s new marathon posts https://postgres.ai/blog/tags/postgres-marathon Postgres LISTEN/NOTIFY does not scale (blog post by Recall ai) https://www.recall.ai/blog/postgres-listen-notify-does-not-scale Explicit Locking https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/explicit-locking.html pg_stat_activity https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-ACTIVITY-VIEW Tuning with wait events for RDS for PostgreSQL https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/PostgreSQL.Tuning.html MultiXact member exhaustion incidents (blog post by Cosmo Wolfe / Metronome) https://metronome.com/blog/root-cause-analysis-postgresql-multixact-member-exhaustion-incidents-may-2025 pg_index_pilot https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/pg_index_pilot Myths and Truths about Synchronous Replication in PostgreSQL (talk by Alexander Kukushkin) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFn9qRGzTMc Postgres Indexes, Partitioning and LWLock:LockManager Scalability (blog post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com /2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalability ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss user management in Postgres — how roles work, making administration easier, setting passwords, and avoiding them being logged. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Roles https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/user-manag.html Privileges https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-priv.html ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterdefaultprivileges.html GRANT https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-grant.html REASSIGN OWNED https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-reassign-owned.html ALTER ROLE (including SET) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-alterrole.html CREATE ROLE https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createrole.html Have I Been Pwned https://haveibeenpwned.com Pwned Passwords API https://haveibeenpwned.com/API/v3#PwnedPasswords Crunchy Data PostgreSQL Security Technical Implementation Guide (STIG) https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/announcing-the-crunchy-data-postgresql-stig Our episode on auditing https://postgres.fm/episodes/auditing ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss the newly released Postgres 18 — the bigger things it includes, some of their personal highlights, and some thoughts towards the future. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Postgres 18 announcement https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/postgresql-18-released-3142 Postgres 18 release notes https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/release-18.html Skip scan episode with Peter Geoghegan https://postgres.fm/episodes/skip-scan Easier Postgres fine-tuning with online_advisor https://neon.com/blog/easier-postgres-fine-tuning-with-online_advisor pganalyze Index Advisor https://pganalyze.com/index-advisor BUFFERS by default https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-by-default Buffers II (the sequel) https://postgres.fm/episodes/buffers-ii-the-sequel Return of the BUFFERS https://postgres.fm/episodes/return-of-the-buffers UUID https://postgres.fm/episodes/uuid Partitioning by ULID https://postgres.fm/episodes/partitioning-by-ulid uuidv7 and uuid_extract_timestamp functions https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-uuid.html Add --no-policies option to pg_dump, pg_dumpall, and pg_restore https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commitdiff;h=cd3c45125 Add ONLY support for VACUUM and ANALYZE https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commitdiff;h=62ddf7ee9 Make "vacuumdb --analyze-only" process partitioned tables (committed recently for Postgres 19) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/5871/ NOT VALID constraints https://postgres.fm/episodes/not-valid-constraints The year of the Lock Manager’s Revenge (post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalability Increase the number of fast-path lock slots https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commitdiff;h=c4d5cb71d "enable" parameters will work differently in Postgres 18 https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/enable-parameters-work-differently-in-postgres-18 logerrors https://github.com/munakoiso/logerrors ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael are joined by Harry Brundage from Gadget to talk about their recent zero-downtime major version upgrade, how they use Postgres more generally, their dream database, and some challenges of providing Postgres as an abstracted service at scale. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Harry Brundage https://postgres.fm/people/harry-brundage Gadget https://gadget.dev Zero downtime Postgres upgrades using logical replication (blog post) https://gadget.dev/blog/zero-downtime-postgres-upgrades-using-logical-replication HOT updates https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/storage-hot.html PgDog https://pgdog.dev Multigres https://multigres.com Neki https://www.neki.dev Running 10 Million PostgreSQL Indexes In Production (Heap blog post) https://www.heap.io/blog/running-10-million-postgresql-indexes-in-production pgwatch2 (Postgres.ai Edition) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/pgwatch2 Advanced query insights on AlloyDB https://cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/advanced-query-insights-overview OrioleDB https://www.orioledb.com Not discussed but relevant: Gadget have also now published a blog post about their sharding! https://gadget.dev/blog/sharding-our-core-postgres-database-without-any-downtime ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael are joined by Simon Eskildsen from turbopuffer — among other things, they discuss ANN index types, tradeoffs that can make sense for search workloads, and when it can make sense to move search out of Postgres. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Simon Eskildsen https://postgres.fm/people/simon-eskildsen turbopuffer https://turbopuffer.com Use ULID Idempotency Keys (tip 6 in this blog post from Shopify) https://shopify.engineering/building-resilient-payment-systems PostgreSQL 18 Release Candidate 1 https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/postgresql-18-rc-1-released-3130 Understanding DiskANN (blog post by Junaid Ahmed) https://www.tigerdata.com/blog/understanding-diskann SPFresh: Incremental In-Place Update for Billion-Scale Vector Search (paper) https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.14452 Amazon S3 adds new functionality for conditional writes https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2024/11/amazon-s3-functionality-conditional-writes Amazon S3 Vectors https://aws.amazon.com/s3/features/vectors ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss when not to use Postgres — specifically use cases where it still makes sense to store data in another system. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Just use Postgres (blog post by Ethan McCue) https://mccue.dev/pages/8-16-24-just-use-postgres Just Use Postgres for Everything (blog post by Stephan Schmidt) https://www.amazingcto.com/postgres-for-everything Real-time analytics episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/real-time-analytics Crunchy Data Joins Snowflake https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/crunchy-data-joins-snowflake Two sizes fit most: PostgreSQL and Clickhouse (blog post by Sid Sijbrandij) https://about.gitlab.com/blog/two-sizes-fit-most-postgresql-and-clickhouse pg_duckdb episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg_duckdb Cloudberry https://github.com/apache/cloudberry Time-series considerations episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/time-series-considerations Queues in Postgres episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/queues-in-postgres Large Objects https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/largeobjects.html PGlite https://pglite.dev ParadeDB https://www.paradedb.com ZomboDB https://github.com/zombodb/zombodb turbopuffer https://turbopuffer.com HNSW vs. DiskANN (blog post by Haziqa Sajid) https://www.tigerdata.com/learn/hnsw-vs-diskann SPANN: Highly-efficient Billion-scale Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (paper) https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/SPANN_finalversion1.pdf Amazon S3 Vectors https://aws.amazon.com/s3/features/vectors Iterative Index Scans added to pgvector in 0.8.0 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/issues/678 S3 FDW from Supabase https://github.com/supabase/wrappers/tree/main/wrappers/src/fdw/s3_fdw ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss disks in relation to Postgres — why they matter, how saturation can happen, some modern nuances, and how to prepare to avoid issues. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Nik’s tweet demonstrating a NOTIFY hot spot https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1959468091035009245 Postgres LISTEN/NOTIFY does not scale (blog post by Recall ai) https://www.recall.ai/blog/postgres-listen-notify-does-not-scale track_io_timing https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-statistics.html#GUC-TRACK-IO-TIMING pg_test_timing https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgtesttiming.html PlanetScale for Postgres https://planetscale.com/blog/planetscale-for-postgres Out of disk episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/out-of-disk 100TB episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/to-100tb-and-beyond Latency Numbers Every Programmer Should Know https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832 Fio https://github.com/axboe/fio ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork

Nik and Michael discuss multi-column indexes in Postgres — what they are, how to think about them, and some guidance around using them effectively. Here are some links to things they mentioned: Multicolumn Indexes (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-multicolumn.html Our episode on Index-only scans https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-only-scans Combining Multiple Indexes (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-bitmap-scans.html Enable BUFFERS with EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078ebad71999dd451ae7d4358be3c9290b07 “PostgreSQL includes an implementation of the standard btree […] The only limitation is that an index entry cannot exceed approximately one-third of a page” https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree.html Our episode on HOT updates https://postgres.fm/episodes/hot-updates Our episode on LIMIT vs Performance https://postgres.fm/episodes/limit-vs-performance ~~~ What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc! ~~~ Postgres FM is produced by: Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai With credit to: Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork